Scanning electron microscopic observation of the external morphology of Dermatophagoides farinae at different developmental stages / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the morphological characteristics of Dermatophagoides farinae at different developmental stages. Methods The cultured D. farinae was isolated, and the external morphological features of mites at various developmental stages were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including egg, larva, nymph and adult stages. Results The D. farinae egg appeared a long oval shape, and the larval mites had three pairs of legs. The nymph had four pairs of legs and underdeveloped genital pores containing genital setae and anal setae, and adult mites appeared long and oval in shape, with decorative patterns on epidermis, and had four pairs of legs. In male adult mites, remarkable thickening of the leg I and thicker and longer leg III than the leg IV were seen, and ventral genital regions were found between the basal segments of legs III and IV; the anus was surrounded by a circular peri-anal ring, with a pair of anal suckers and anal setae within the ring. In the female adult mites, slender legs III and IV with an equal length were seen, and a “λ-shape” genital hole was observed on the ventral surface, with a crescent-like genital plate in the anterior part, and the anus appeared a longitudinal slit. Conclusions An SEM observation of the external morphology of D. farinae provides understandings of the morphological characteristics of D. farinae, which is of great significance for the classification and identification.

Therapeutic Observation of Warm Needling plus Chinese Medication for External Application in Treating Post-stroke Shoulder Pain / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of warm needling plus Chinese medication for external application in treating post-stroke shoulder pain. Method Two hundred patients with post-stroke shoulder pain were randomized into a treatment group and a control group, 100 cases each. The two groups both received rehabilitation training for shoulder joint. In addition, the treatment group was given warm needling plus Chinese medication for external application, while the control group was given warm needling. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, upper-limb Fugl-Mayer Assessment (FMA) and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) were adopted to evaluate the two groups before and after the treatment. The clinical efficacies of the two groups were also compared. Result The total effective rate was 100.0％ in the treatment group versus 87.0％ in the control group, and the between-group difference was statistically significant (P<0.01). The VAS, FMA and MBI scores were significantly changed after the treatment in both groups (P<0.01). After the treatment, the VAS, FMA and MBI scores of the treatment group were significantly different from those of the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Warm needling plus Chinese medication for external application and rehabilitation training can obviously reduce post-stroke shoulder pain, and enhance the upper-limb motor function and activities of daily living.

Effect of experimentally created occlusal disorders on the expression of estrogen in rat condylar cartilage / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of experimentally created occlusal disorders (ECOD) on the expression of estrogen in rat condylar cartilage.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The model of ECOD was created by moving right upper and left lower first molars anteriorly. The animals in ECOD were sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks later. In removed occlusal disorders group, the moved first molars were extracted at 6 weeks later, and the animals were sacrificed 2 weeks later. The expression of estrogen was detected by SABC technique of immunocytochemistry, and then was analyzed by the density of estrogen-positive chondrocytes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>1) Estrogen was abundant in mature layer and hypertrophic layer of rat mandibular condylar cartilage. 2) In control group, the expression of estrogen decreased gradually from 6-week-old to 16-week-old. 3) In both childhood and puberty rats, the expression of estrogen in experiment group was significantly higher at 2 weeks after treatment, while no difference was found at 4, 6, 8 weeks after treatment. However, the expression in removed occlusal disorder group was higher than that in control group and 8 weeks of ECOD group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In rat condylar cartilage, the expression of estrogen de-creases with age. Induced by ECOD, the expression of estrogen increases in early stage of remodelling activity.</p>

Effect of induced occlusal disorders and removed occlusal disorders on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 of condylar cartilage in rats / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>This article was to study the effect of induced occlusal disorders and removed occlusal disorders on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) of condylar cartilage.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Young and adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided respectively into induced occlusal disorders group, removed occlusal disorders group and control group, 3 rats every group. For induced occlusal disorders rats, the elastic rubbers were inserted between the first and second molar in the left upper side and right lower side to form the disordered occlusion. They were killed under anaesthesia 8 weeks after the treatment. For removed occlusal disorders rats, the first molars that caused disordered occlusion were extracted 6 weeks after forming disordered occlusion. 2 weeks later, they were killed under anaesthesia. For normal rats, they were killed at the same time with experimental rats. Hibateral temporomandibular joints of each rat were removed and stained with HE and monoclone antibody of BMP-2. The thickness of condylar cartilage was measured. The expression of BMP-2 in condylar cartilage was detected by half-quantity immunohistochemical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>For adult induced occlusal disorders group, the thickness of cartilage in intermediate part of condyle decreased. However, it increased in the posterior part. After removing occlusal disorders, the thickness of posterior condylar cartilage returned to normal level. But it was still thinner than control group in the intermediate part. The expression of BMP-2 in anterior, intermediate, posterior part of condylar cartilage of young induced occlusal disorders group was higher than that of young removed occlusal disorders group expression of BMP-2 showed induced occlusal disorders group was higher than removed occlusal disorders group, which was higher than control group. and control group. No difference of the expression of BMP-2 was found in young removed occlusal disorders group and control group. For the expression of BMP-2 in intermediate part of condylar cartilage, both adult induced and removed occlusal disorders groups were higher than adult control group. For the posterior part of adult condyle cartilage, the expression of BMP-2 showed induced occlusal disorders group was higher than removed occlusal disorders group, which was higher than control group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Induced occlusal disorders can lead higher expression of BMP-2 in condylar cartilage of young and adult rats. Adaptability of condylar cartilage of adult rats is weaker than young rats, especially the intermediate part.</p>

Evaluation of the description of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the characteristics of pain in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) through analyzing the description of pain by the TMD patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety TMD pain patients were included and the glossary in description of the intensity, rhythm and degree of disability due to TMD pain were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The descriptive pain by 90 patients was slight to moderate. There was no significant difference between males and females or between chronic and acute patients in the description of pain intensity (P > 0.05). The chewing disability was the most often reported complaining, and then was mental status. The probability of pain at rest was not different between in chronic pain patients and acute pain patients(P > 0.05). The acute pain patients often used aching, slight and tingle to describe their pain, while the chronic pain patients used dull, gas and numb more.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pain intensity in acute or chronic TMD patients is both low. The pain mainly influences chewing function and mental status in patients. Descriptive characteristic with chronic orofacial pain is different from acute.</p>

Effect of gradually induced occlusal disorders on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in condylar cartilage in rats / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of gradually induced disordered occlusion (GIDO) on the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in condylar cartilage in rat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fourty-eight SD rats, aged 8 weeks, were included, and were divided into experimental and control groups randomly, with the same gender distribution. By inserting elastic rubber band the first mandibular lower and maxillary upper molar was moved medially. Four weeks later the third mandibular lower and maxillary upper molars were moved distally with the same method. In this way the GIDO was established in rats. The rats were sacrificed at the end of 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th week respectively after the application of the GIDO and the temporomandibular joints were stained with HE. The cartilage thickness was measured. The expression of TNF-alpha in condylar cartilage was examined by immunohistochemistry and calculated by the percentage of positive cells areas.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cartilage thickness increased in 4th, 6th, 8th week subgroups of experimental group (P < 0.05). Typical degenerative changes were observed in the experimental group. The expression of TNF-alpha was mainly in the hypertrophic layer of the condylar cartilage. Compared with the age-matched control group, the expression of TNF-alpha in experimental group increased at the end of 2nd, 6th and 8th week (P < 0.05), but kept the same level at the end of 4th week (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present results suggest that TNF-alpha take part in the procedure of the abnormal remodeling activities of condylar cartilage in GIDO rat model. The catabolism in condylar cartilage in GIDO rats was even obvious when the experimental period was longer with more serious GIDO.</p>

Effect of gradually induced occlusal disorders on the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor of condylar cartilage in rat / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of gradually induced occlusal disorders on the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) of condylar cartilage in rat.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The model of gradually induced occlusal disorders was established in rat. The expression of bFGF was examined by SABC technique of immunohistochemistry. The expression of bFGF was analyzed by amount of positive cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>bFGF was expressed positively in the proliferative cell layer, maturative layer and hypertrophical cell layer in the rat mandibular condyle cartilage. In control group, expression of bFGF increased from 2-week-old to 6-week-old, then it had a decrease during experiment. Compared with the control group, bFGF of experiment group was increasing at 2 week, 6 week and 8 week during experiment. But there was decreaseing at 4 week. There was no difference between young experiment group and the adult experiment group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The gradually induced occlusal disorders may lead to significant increase of expressiong of bFGF in condyle cartilage, which suggests that the bFGF may be involve in the procedure of repairing process of articular cartilage.</p>

A study of mandible chewing movement in patients with developmental lateral jaw deformity / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The purpose of the present study was to investigate effects of developmental lateral jaw deformity (DLJD) on masticatory movement.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three coordinates of mandibular movement signals were recorded in 35 young healthy adults with normal occlusion and 28 patients with DLJD by means of a Sirognathography System during gum chewing movement. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used to compare significant difference of intra-group and inter-groups in displacement and speed. P < 0.05 was chosen as significance level.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The rhythm and directional sequence of chewing trajectory in both frontal and sagittal planes were normal in control group, while anomalies of rhythm and distribution (n = 9) and reversed sequencing (n = 7) were found in DLJD group. (2) The maximum magnitude of jaw retrusion and average speed were significant higher in DLJD group than those in control group (P < 0.01). The spatial displacement and average speed in horizontal plane and in chewing phase were also higher in DLJD group compared with control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DLJD patients showed anomalies in chewing pattern as well as chewing speed and displacement in horizontal plane.</p>

Pathologic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma in curettage specimens in women under forty years of age / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the diagnostic pathological features of endometrial carcinomas present in women under 40 years of age (by curettage samples).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was performed on 20 cases of endometrial carcinomas in women under 40 years of age.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The patients included 18 endometrioid adenocarcinoma cases, one adenosquamous carcinoma case, and one papillary serous carcinoma case. The morphological features of the endometrial adenocarcinoaare loss of polarity (orientation) of the endometrial glands. The tumor cells have large round vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli and coarse chromatin. In addition, endometrial stroma was instead of by the fibrous and/or granulation tissue type stroma, usually with inflammatory response. Majority cases of endometrioid adenocarcinomas had superficial invasion of myometrium and no lymph node metastasis. The adenosquamous case metastasized to the ovaries and the papillary serous carcinoma case metastasized to the pelvic lymph nodes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Endometrial carcinomas which are highly differentiated endometrioid adenocarcinomas occur frequently in women under 40 years of age. An important differential diagnosis of the endometrioid carcinoma in a curettage specimen is to differentiate it from atypical endometrial hyperplasia and atypical polypoid adenomyoma.</p>

Effect of change in occlusal contact areas of the mandibular second molar on temporomandibular joint stress distribution: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the regulation of stress distribution on TMJ when the location of occlusal load on the mandibular second molar was changed by using the 3-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A 3-dimensional FEM TMJ model including left mandibular second molar and mandible was established. In finite element analysis software ANSYS the same boundary constraints were applied to the TMJ FEM model with different load cases. The occlusal loads were applied to simulate ICO load, distal load, and buccal load and the stress values of condyles of the FEM model were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As the occlusal load was applied to different tooth contact areas with various shapes, the stress distributions of bilateral condyles were found different and asymmetrical. The condyle stress on TMJ FEM model in three loading cases was diverse, not only in stress character but also in stress distribution style. The maximum value of Von Mises in the opposite condyle was 51.513 MPa when ICO load was applied. But when the distal load or the buccal load was applied, the maximum value of Von Mises in the opposite condyle increased to 72.145 MPa or 69.566 Mpa respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The same level but in different direction of occlusal load that resulted from difference of loading spots by changing the occlusal contact area, would induce different stress features on bilateral condyles.</p>

Observation and analysis on coronal MR images of cadaver TMJ / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the MR image features of TMJ coronal structures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>28 TMJs from 15 cadavers dipped in formalin over 1 year were included. Their mandibles were fixed at intercuspal position when TMJs oblique coronal MR scan was taken. Baseline was draw on the oblique coronal imaging along the ramus of mandible through its center. The corresponding dimensions and areas were measured with electronic ruler.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The dimensions were in accordance from large to small as: lateral-medial dimension of fossa, lateral-medial dimension of condyle, medial dimension of fossa, medial dimension of condyle, lateral dimension of condyle and lateral dimension of fossa. Three significant co-relative relationship were found: the lateral dimension of condyle with lateral dimension of fossa, the medial dimension of condyle with medial dimension of fossa, and the lateral-medial dimension of condyle with lateral-medial dimension of fossa. CV of lateral dimension of fossa was higher than that of lateral and medial dimension of condyle, and then all the three were higher than other dimensions. The size of the area of joint space shown on oblique coronal imagings was positively related to that of the area of coronal disc imagings.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Significant co-ordinate relationship of condyle and fossa of TMJ coronally was existed, and the condyle position to fossa lateral-medially varied in great.</p>

Intracellular calcium ion release stimulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 and influenced with mechanical pressure in mandibular condylar chondrocytes of rabbit / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the intracellular calcium ion release and the system of calcium channel by 1,25 (OH)2D3 stimulus, and the effect of mechanical pressure on it in rabbit mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCC) in vitro.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In vitro cultured MCC from two-week-old New Zealand rabbits were incubated under 20 g/L heparin, 1 g/L procaine, continuous pressure of 90 kPa for 60 min and 360 min in a hydraulic pressure controlled cellular strain unit. With the Fluo-3/AM probe loaded, 1,25(OH)2D3 was added to the medium and then the intracellular calcium level was detected by a laser confocal scanning microscope.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Intracellular calcium concentration increased in MCC treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,25(OH)2D3 and procaine, while it didn't change in heparin treated group. Calcium in group under continuous pressure of 90 kPa for 60 min was also increased, even higher than the group stimulated only with 1,25(OH)2D3. Intracellular calcium in group treated with continuous pressure of 90 kPa for 360 min showed no significant difference compared to the control and even decreased at the end of the recording period.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>1,25(OH)2D3 could stimulate the intracellular calcium release channel of inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor open in MCC in vitro and increases the level of intracellular calcium concentration. Pretreatment of definite mechanical pressure could modulate the sensitivity of IP3 channel to 1,25(OH)2D3 stimulus.</p>

A three-dimensional finite element analysis on the effect of seven different occlusions on TMJ / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of tooth apical stress changes caused by different types of occlusion on the TMJ stresses.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The apical stresses measured from photo-elastic experiments (2 Kg centric vertical loading to seven types of occlusions separately) were applied to the established 3D finite elemental model. The stress distributions on condyle, superfacial cartilage of condyle and TMJ disc were compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The stress on both anterior surface of condyle and its superfacial cartilage and on the intermediate band of disc were mainly compressive, while the stress on both posterior surface of condyle and its superficial cartilage and on the posterior band of disc were mainly tensile (P < 0.01). (2) The values of TMJ stresses of models with flat surface occlusion, distal occlusion, unilateral partial molar teeth cross bite, and occlusion with right second and third molar tooth missing were different to some extent from that with normal occlusion, among which the TMJ stress from the flat surface occlusion differed most significantly (P < 0.01). The TMJ stresses of models with unilateral upper third molar hyper-eruption occlusion and unilateral lower third molar hyper-eruption occlusion did not significantly differ from that with normal occlusion.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Changes of apical principle stress resulted from different types of occlusions during centric biting have effects to some extent on TMJ stress quantitatively but not qualitatively.</p>

Study on the effect of gradually induced disordered occlusion on the condyle of New Zealand Rabbit TMJ / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether the gradually induced disordered occlusion can induce degenerative changes in rabbit TMJ.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>27 male New Zealand Rabbits, age of 5 months were divided equally and randomly into three groups: Group A: One premolar in upper dentition at one side and another premolar in lower dentition at the other side were pulled to move medially to the anterior intrinsic space by an orthodontic string to cause the corresponding premolars not to occlude with the opposites coincidently. Group B: the sham-operating controls, all animals were treated similar to those in Group A but without pulling. At the age of 6, 7 and 8 months, three rabbits of each group were killed by deeply anaesthetizing and bilateral condyles of TMJs were excised, sectioned and stained with HE.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant histological difference in condylar cartilage between Group B and C. The cartilage of TMJs condyle in Group A was found with significant degenerative changes that increased with age. The thickness of cartilage of anterior and intermediate part of condyles decreased, the disturbance of continuation of hypertrophic layer appeared and part of hypertrophic layer was locally replaced by fibrous tissue. While the thickness of cartilage of posterior part of condyle increased obviously with a significant increase of the proportion of immature chondrocytes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The gradually induced disorder occlusion may lead to degenerative changes in rabbit condyle.</p>